If you are thinking about setting up a business, and need it done quickly and easily with no additional requirements, then this package is the perfect choice.
This package is a cheap and efficient way to begin business, and includes the provision of a registered office address in London for the duration of one year.
This package is a not expensive and efficient way to begin business, and includes the provision of a registered office address in London and a nominee secretary for the duration of one year.
This package is one of the most cost effective and the efficient way to start a UK company, which includes a registered office address in London, a nominee secretary, and a nominee director for the duration of one year.
E-quick*
£32.00
Economy
£82.00
Premier
£207.00
Deluxe
£557.00
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Further information
Private company limited by shares
No Annual Charges
Private company limited by shares
Annual Fee From: £50.00
Private company limited by shares
Annual Fee From: £175.00
Private company limited by shares
Annual Fee From: £525.00
Usefull links
Further information
Private Company Limited by Shares:
A private company limited by shares in England and Wales must have at least one director, one shareholder, and may have a secretary.
You need at least one person to form this type of company. If there is only one director, and that director is a natural person in your company, that director can also act as the secretary.
A company must have at least one director who is a natural person. This requirement is met if the office of director is held by a natural person as a corporation sole or otherwise by virtue of an office.
You can register a sole director' company, if you are familiar with the secretaries duties and responsibilities, because all of them belongs to a sole director.
The directors and secretary of your company can also be shareholders.
The Companies Act imposes no restriction on the minimum age of company directors. However Companies House will actively discourage the appointment of anyone under the age of 16 from taking up a company directorship on the grounds that the individuals concerned may not fully understand the legal liabilities that go with the position and for the most part will not have the experience necessary to perform the duties of a company director.
Under the Companies Act 2006, there is no restriction on any or all of the members/shareholders being from an overseas country (i.e. outside the United Kingdom in terms of residency, domicile, citizenship, place of incorporation or all or any of those concepts).
There is no requirement for the officers of your company to be UK citizens or residents, nor for them to hold valid work permits.
Owning, or being an officer of a UK company does not, however, grant you any right to live or work in the UK if you are a foreign national.
Your company must have a registered office address within England or Wales; this is the official address of your company and will be on the public record as such.
Your company must hold its official company documents at its registered office address: its register of shareholders, and its constitutional documents.
So long as you maintain a registered office address in England or Wales, you can conduct your business from any place in the world: you do not have to run your business from your registered office address.
Coddan offers company formation, ready-made company registration for UK limited companies.
We offer electronic filing enterprises & registering corporation services. In addition to
business registrations, we offer trademark registration, shareholder agreements, toll-free
numbers, telephone answering, virtual office and company searches for UK limited companies.
You are an accountant for whom company establishment is a frequent activity or an individual
ordering your first company registrations. Start a company by incorporating or forming a LTD,
PLC or LLP at Coddan. Learn about incorporation & how to incorporate your business
online: register a business name, company registration, business registration numbers, company
house web filing - business name registration check. Whether you start-up online, register
London business or form a corporation Scotland, we can help you understand the business start-up
process for filing LTD United Kingdom.
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Incorporate or form an LLC – online: company registrar
United Kingdom, limited company formations & corporation registration, electronically LLC
online, very easy and informative. In addition to private companies Great Britain, we offer
trademark registration, shareholder agreements, 0870 numbers, telephone answering, virtual office and company searches for English companies. Information to help start,
grow or manage a small business. If you are starting a business Edinburgh or starting own business Northern Ireland, read our starting business Republic of Ireland guide.
Home business and small business training and ideas site to help you start Belfast, grow, and expand a home-based business or search for the work at home job right.
An outline of the general steps for incorporation in Great Britain, explaining how to incorporate your business Dublin, from choosing where to incorporate your business.
UK ready-made company formation services and company registrations online, our offices keep a stock of ready made companies, and would be happy to supply details on request.
We offer offshore ready-made companies in different jurisdictions, readymade offshore companies also called as offshore shelf companies, shelf off-shore companies for sale:
starting applying for a business name, business name registration partnership, grants for
starting a business and starting a business from home.
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Open company same-day and offshore setting-up services using our online starting-up service for
Limited Liability Company Offshore companies. Start enjoying the tax benefits and personal
liability protection that forming a corporation or Limited Liability Company (LLC) provides.
Offshore company incorporation, offshore checking and offshore saving accounts, offshore time
deposits, offshore mutual funds, offshore money market accounts and offshore asset protection
provided by Coddan. Company formations, limited company formations, electronic incorporations,
company formation agents, paperless company registrar, electronic companies filing, United
Kingdom limited company, setting corporation Ireland, business incorporation Scotland, open
company England, London company registration, electronic companies filing, British companies
registrars, business consultants, company law, public limited company, plc, international
companies, ltd, inc, limited liability, enterprise, organization, organization, tax, taxation,
England, firm, partnership, trade, profession, contractors, business, private limited company,
limited by shares, ready-made companies, readymade company, aged company, off the shelf
company, shelf companies list.
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Specializes in company registration and secretarial services.
Provides list of shelf company, services and cost quotation, business name registration,
company house direct, starting a business - sole trader business registration.
This is actually a pretty good reason to incorporate in Delaware or Nevada. In fact, you could
be a foreigner from Lebanon, never setting foot on American soil, form a Delaware corporation
and no one would know who you are! However, many states will require the owners and/or officers
and/or directors information while operating in that state (as a foreign corp.). Besides,
how many small businesses require anonymity? Incorporate, incorporation, incorporating,
incorporation services, incorporating services, incorporate Wyoming business online,
incorporating Oregon business, New York LLC formation, Louisiana limited liability corporation,
Texas articles of incorporation, Florida company incorporation, California non profit
corporation, corporate name search offshore, BVI corporate name availability, Seychelles
corporate name registration.
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Learn about incorporation services UK and incorporate London
online: starting your own business, business ideas, starting a business on ebay or buying a
business with legal requirements for starting a business. Online England company formations,
online company London W1 formation, Glasgow formation agent, Liverpool formations agent,
Scottish companies house, forming a company Scotland, starting a business Wales, form a
limited company Oxford, United Kingdom business registration agents, online Great Britain
company registration. E-Business, small business, business structures defined: the limited
liability company business structures defined: the limited liability company IRS treatment of
the one-member LLC. An LLC with only one member / owner is automatically considered to be a
sole proprietorship unless an election is made to be treated as a corporation. Thus, the sole
member of an LLC will file (Form 1040), (U.S. Individual Income Tax Return), ideas for starting
a business, grants for starting a business, starting a business from home, starting your own
business - business ideas, starting a business on ebay, buying a business: legal requirements
for starting a business, ideas for starting a business.
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A business may be conducted by a company
as an entity in its own right and comes into existence by incorporation under companies
legislation which also regulates the running of the company and sets out the duties of its
officers. In recent years trading trusts have been commonly used as the structure for carrying
on a business with their main objective of tax minimization. A trust requires a trustee to act
on behalf of a trust and it has been preferable to have a company newly incorporated to act as
the trustee as it is believed that this limits the liability of the trust to the paid-up capital
of the Trustee Company. A trust is formed by a gift or settlement being made to the trustee on
behalf of the, as yet unformed, trust. A solicitor draws up a Trust Deed setting out the powers
and formalizing the administration of the trust. The trust has beneficiaries rather than
shareholders as in a company, who are entitled to distributions of capital and/or income and
these distributions, are controlled by the trustee.
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The distribution made to beneficiaries are
subject to income tax as part of their personal income and are liable for provisional tax on
these distributions. Citizens and residents of other countries may incorporate in the United
Kingdom through the standard incorporation procedures set forth by each state. Provides UK
company formations, trademark registration, registered office facilities and company secretary
services. Professional company formation, register your company online, we may establish new
business at one day. An online guide to starting up and expanding your business.
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This is one of our most popular packages with worldwide customers, and includes: -
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Our Deluxe package is a fast and easy option, it is ideal for the UK, EU, and international small to medium businesses who wish to appoint a nominee director and a nominee secretary in order to maintain the anonymity of the real owner, and it includes: -
Incorporation of your company from scratch using one of our registered office addresses in London, our nominee director and nominee secretary. We can appoint your own candidate(s) to the role of shareholder(s), or you can appoint a nominee sharholder provided by Coddan;
The standard capital on formation is £1.00, this is divided into 1.00 ordinary share valued at £1.00 (a minimum of one share must be issued);
The formation of a limited company usually takes as little as four to six hours from the time that your application and payment are received by Coddan;
The government fee for incorporation is included in the price of this package;
The provision of a registered office address for 12 months is included in the price of this package (our registered office address service is charged annually);
The provision of a nominee secretary for 12 months is included in the price of this package (our nominee secretary service is charged annually);
The provision of a nominee director for 12 months is also included in the price of this package (our nominee director service is charged annually);
The following two hard bound copies of corporate documents, will be send by post to you upon formation of your private limited company: -
A laminated copy of the certificate of incorporation of your company;
A hard bound copy of the memorandum and articles of association;
A hard bound copy of the minutes of the first meeting of directors;
Share certificates, and your company register;
The general power of attorney signed by a nominee director;
Pre-signed, undated resignation letter from a nominee director;
The agreement for the provision of nominee service and indemnification of nominee.
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This is our most popular package with the UK residents, and includes: -
The registration of your company from scratch using your own registered office address,
and appoint your own candidates to the roles of director, secretary (if needed), and shareholder;
The standard capital on formation is £1.00, this is divided into 1.00 ordinary share valued at £1.00 (a minimum of one share must be issued);
The formation of a limited company usually takes as little as four to six hours from the time that your application and payment are received by Coddan;
The government fee for incorporation is included in the price of this package;
The following documents, which need to be printed and signed, will be e-mailed to you upon formation of your company: -
A certificate of incorporation (requires PDF file reader);
The memorandum & articles of association (requires PDF file reader);
The first meeting of the board of directors (requires PDF file reader);
Share certificates and a company register (requires PDF file reader).
*If you do not have an a valid address in the UK, which can be used as the registered office address for your company, please check our Economy package. The non-UK address cannot be acceptable as the office address for the UK company.
This is our most popular package with the UK and EU residents, and includes: -
The registration your company from scratch using one of our registered office addresses, and appoint your own candidates to the roles of director, secretary (if needed), and shareholder;
The standard capital on formation is £1.00, this is divided into 1.00 ordinary share valued at £1.00 (a minimum of one share must be issued);
The formation of a limited company usually takes as little as four to six hours from the time that your application and payment are received by Coddan;
The government fee for incorporation is included in the price of this package;
The provision of a registered office address for 12 months is also included in the price of this package (our registered office address service is charged annually);
The following documents, which need to be printed and signed, will be e-mailed to you upon formation of your company: -
A certificate of incorporation (requires PDF file reader);
The memorandum & articles of association (requires PDF file reader);
The first meeting of the board of directors (requires PDF file reader);
Share certificates and a company register (requires PDF file reader).
This is another one very popular package with worldwide customers, and includes: -
The formation of a company limited by guarantee usually takes as little as five to seven working days from the time that your application and payment are received by Coddan;
The incorporation your BVI company limited by guarantee from scratch using our registered agent & registered office address, and appoint your own candidate to the role of a members;
The government and initiation fees for incorporation are included in the price of this package;
The search for a company name availability, confirmation, and reservation;
An original certificate of incorporation
A hard bound copy of the memorandum & articles of association
The preparation and submission of the memorandum and articles of association;
A local registered office address and a local registered agent for 12 months are included in the price of this package (our registered agent & office address service are charged annually);
The provision of a nominee director for one year is also included in the price of this package (our nominee director service is charged annually);
To receive an original of the certificate of incorporation from the Companies Registrar usually takes as little as two to three days from the time of incorporation.
The following hard bound copy of corporate documents, will be posted to you upon formation of your company limited by guarantee: -
An original certificate of incorporation;
A hard bound copy of the memorandum and articles of association;
The minutes of the first meeting of the board of directors;
A completed register of directors and members;
An elegant printed membership certificates;
A pliers seal.
The general power of attorney signed by a nominee director (additional fee applies);
Pre-signed, undated resignation letter from a nominee director;
The agreement for the provision of a nominee service and indemnification of nominee.
This is our most popular package with international customers, and includes: -
The formation of a company limited by guarantee usually takes as little as five to seven working days from the time that your application and payment are received by Coddan;
The registration your BVI company limited by guarantee from scratch using our registered agent & registered office address, and appoint our own candidates to the role of a nominee director and a nominee member;
The government and initiation fees for incorporation are included in the price of this package;
The search for a company name availability, confirmation, and reservation;
The preparation and submission of the memorandum and articles of association;
A local registered office address and a local registered agent for one year are included in the price of this package (our registered agent & office address service are charged annually);
The provision of a nominee director for 12 months is included in the price of this package (our nominee director service is charged annually);
A completed register of directors and members
The provision of a nominee member for 12 months is also included in the price of this package (our nominee member service is charged annually);
To receive an original of the certificate of incorporation from the Companies Registrar usually takes as little as two to three days from the time of incorporation.
The following hard bound copy of corporate documents, will be posted to you upon formation of your company limited by guarantee: -
An original certificate of incorporation;
A hard bound copy of the memorandum and articles of association;
The minutes of the first meeting of the board of directors;
A completed register of directors and members;
An elegant printed membership certificates;
A pliers seal.
Pre-signed, undated letters of resignation from a nominee director and a nominee member;
A general power of attorney signed by a nominee director (additional fee applies);
A declaration of trust from a nominee member;
An indemnity letter for the power of attorney;
A nominee agreement which provides for the indemnification of the nominees.
This is another one of our most popular packages for small and medium size businesses, such as those being run by a sole director from home, and for companies owned by overseas residents who still need a local registered office address, but would rather not open a local office in the UK;
This package is often chosen by such customers, who are looking to minimise a sole director' personal liability (and who are not quite familiar with the UK corporate legislation), because this package includes thye provision of a nominee secretary for 12 months. This package is also includes: -
The registration your company from scratch using one of our registered office addresses, and appoint your own candidates to the roles of director, and shareholder;
The standard capital on formation is £1.00, this is divided into 1.00 ordinary share valued at £1.00 (a minimum of one share must be issued);
The formation of a limited company usually takes as little as four to six hours from the time that your application and payment are received by Coddan;
The government fee for incorporation is included in the price of this package;
The provision of a registered office address for 12 months is included in the price of this package (our registered office address service is charged annually);
The provision of a nominee secretary for 12 months is also included in the price of this package (our nominee secretary service is charged annually);
The following hard bound copy of the corporate documents, will be send by post to you, upon formation of your private limited company: -
A laminated copy of the certificate of incorporation of your company;
A hard bound copy of the memorandum and articles of association;
A hard bound copy of the minutes of the first meeting of directors;
Share certificates, and your company register.
This is another one very popular package with worldwide customers, and includes: -
The formation of a limited partnership usually takes as little as five to seven working days from the time that your application and payment are received by Coddan;
The incorporation your BVI offshore limited partnership from scratch using our registered agent & registered office address, and appoint your own candidate to the role of a general partner;
The government and initiation fees for registration are included in the price of this package;
The search for a limited partnership name availability, confirmation, and reservation;
The preparation and submission of the partnership agreement;
A local registered office address and a local registered agent for 12 months are included in the price of this package (our registered agent & office address service are charged annually);
The provision of a nominee limited partner for one year is also included in the price of this package (our nominee limited partner service is charged annually);
To receive an original of the certificate of incorporation from the Companies Registrar usually takes as little as two to three days from the time of incorporation.
The following hard bound copy of corporate documents, will be posted to you upon formation of your offshore company: -
An original certificate of incorporation;
A hard bound copy of the partnership agreement;
The minutes of the first meeting of the board of partners;
A completed register of partners;
An elegant printed membership certificates;
A pliers seal;
The general power of attorney signed by a nominee limited partner (additional fee applies);
Pre-signed, undated resignation letter from a nominee limited partner;
The agreement for the provision of a nominee service and indemnification of nominee.
This is our most popular package with international customers, and includes: -
This is our most popular package with international customers, and includes: -
"the 1911 Act" means the [1911 c. 46.] Copyright Act 1911,
"the 1956 Act" means the [1956 c. 74.] Copyright Act 1956, and
"the new copyright provisions" means the provisions of this Act relating to copyright, that is, Part I (including this Schedule) and Schedules 3, 7 and 8 so far as they make amendments or repeals consequential on the provisions of Part I.
(2) References in this Schedule to "commencement", without more, are to the date on which the new copyright provisions come into force.
(3) References in this Schedule to "existing works" are to works made before commencement; and for this purpose a work of which the making extended over a period shall be taken to have been made when its making was completed.
2.—(1) In relation to the 1956 Act, references in this Schedule to a work include any work or other subject-matter within the meaning of that Act.
(2) In relation to the 1911 Act—
(a) references in this Schedule to copyright include the right conferred by section 24 of that Act in substitution for a right subsisting immediately before the commencement of that Act;
(b) references in this Schedule to copyright in a sound recording are to the copyright under that Act in records embodying the recording; and
(c) references in this Schedule to copyright in a film are to any copyright under that Act in the film (so far as it constituted a dramatic work for the purposes of that Act) or in photographs forming part of the film.
General principles: continuity of the law
3. The new copyright provisions apply in relation to things existing at commencement as they apply in relation to things coming into existence after commencement, subject to any express provision to the contrary.
4.—(1) The provisions of this paragraph have effect for securing the continuity of the law so far as the new copyright provisions re-enact (with or without modification) earlier provisions.
(2) A reference in an enactment, instrument or other document to copyright, or to a work or other subject-matter in which copyright subsists, which apart from this Act would be construed as referring to copyright under the 1956 Act shall be construed, so far as may be required for continuing its effect, as being, or as the case may require, including, a reference to copyright under this Act or to works in which copyright subsists under this Act.
(3) Anything done (including subordinate legislation made), or having effect as done, under or for the purposes of a provision repealed by this Act has effect as if done under or for the purposes of the corresponding provision of the new copyright provisions.
(4) References (expressed or implied) in this Act or any other enactment, instrument or document to any of the new copyright provisions shall, so far as the context permits, be construed as including, in relation to times, circumstances and purposes before commencement, a reference to corresponding earlier provisions.
(5) A reference (express or implied) in an enactment, instrument or other document to a provision repealed by this Act shall be construed, so far as may be required for continuing its effect, as a reference to the corresponding provision of this Act.
(6) The provisions of this paragraph have effect subject to any specific transitional provision or saving and to any express amendment made by this Act.
Subsistence of copyright
5.—(1) Copyright subsists in an existing work after commencement only if copyright subsisted in it immediately before commencement.
(2) Sub-paragraph (1) does not prevent an existing work qualifying for copyright protection after commencement—
(a) under section 155 (qualification by virtue of first publication), or
(b) by virtue of an Order under section 159 (application of Part I to countries to which it does not extend).
6.—(1) Copyright shall not subsist by virtue of this Act in an artistic work made before 1st June 1957 which at the time when the work was made constituted a design capable of registration under the [1949 c. 88.] Registered Designs Act 1949 or under the enactments repealed by that Act, and was used, or intended to be used, as a model or pattern to be multiplied by an industrial process.
(2) For this purpose a design shall be deemed to be used as a model or pattern to be multiplied by any industrial process—
(a) when the design is reproduced or is intended to be reproduced on more than 50 single articles, unless all the articles in which the design is reproduced or is intended to be reproduced together form only a single set of articles as defined in section 44(1) of the Registered Designs Act 1949, or
(b) when the design is to be applied to—
(i) printed paper hangings,
(ii) carpets, floor cloths or oil cloths, manufactured or sold in lengths or pieces,
(iii) textile piece goods, or textile goods manufactured or sold in lengths or pieces, or
(iv) lace, not made by hand.
7.—(1) No copyright subsists in a film, as such, made before 1st June 1957.
(2) Where a film made before that date was an original dramatic work within the meaning of the 1911 Act, the new copyright provisions have effect in relation to the film as if it was an original dramatic work within the meaning of Part I.
(3) The new copyright provisions have effect in relation to photographs forming part of a film made before 1st June 1957 as they have effect in relation to photographs not forming part of a film.
8.—(1) A film sound-track to which section 13(9) of the 1956 Act applied before commencement (film to be taken to include sounds in associated sound-track) shall be treated for the purposes of the new copyright provisions not as part of the film, but as a sound recording.
(2) However—
(a) copyright subsists in the sound recording only if copyright subsisted in the film immediately before commencement, and it continues to subsist until copyright in the film expires;
(b) the author and first owner of copyright in the film shall be treated as having been author and first owner of the copyright in the sound recording; and
(c) anything done before commencement under or in relation to the copyright in the film continues to have effect in relation to the sound recording as in relation to the film.
9. No copyright subsists in—
(a) a broadcast made before 1st June 1957, or
(b) a cable programme included in a cable programme service before 1st January 1985;
and any such broadcast or cable programme shall be disregarded for the purposes of section 14(2) (duration of copyright in repeats).
Authorship of work
10. The question who was the author of an existing work shall be determined in accordance with the new copyright provisions for the purposes of the rights conferred by Chapter IV of Part I (moral rights), and for all other purposes shall be determined in accordance with the law in force at the time the work was made.
First ownership of copyright
11.—(1) The question who was first owner of copyright in an existing work shall be determined in accordance with the law in force at the time the work was made.
(2) Where before commencement a person commissioned the making of a work in circumstances falling within—
(a) section 4(3) of the 1956 Act or paragraph (a) of the proviso to section 5(1) of the 1911 Act (photographs, portraits and engravings), or
(b) the proviso to section 12(4) of the 1956 Act (sound recordings),
those provisions apply to determine first ownership of copyright in any work made in pursuance of the commission after commencement.
Duration of copyright in existing works
12.—(1) The following provisions have effect with respect to the duration of copyright in existing works.
The question which provision applies to a work shall be determined by reference to the facts immediately before commencement; and expressions used in this paragraph which were defined for the purposes of the 1956 Act have the same meaning as in that Act.
(2) Copyright in the following descriptions of work continues to subsist until the date on which it would have expired under the 1956 Act—
(a) literary, dramatic or musical works in relation to which the period of 50 years mentioned in the proviso to section 2(3) of the 1956 Act (duration of copyright in works made available to the public after the death of the author) has begun to run;
(b) engravings in relation to which the period of 50 years mentioned in the proviso to section 3(4) of the 1956 Act (duration of copyright in works published after the death of the author) has begun to run;
(c) published photographs and photographs taken before 1st June 1957;
(d) published sound recordings and sound recordings made before 1st June 1957;
(e) published films and films falling within section 13(3)(a) of the 1956 Act (films registered under former enactments relating to registration of films).
(3) Copyright in anonymous or pseudonymous literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works (other than photographs) continues to subsist—
(a) if the work is published, until the date on which it would have expired in accordance with the 1956 Act, and
(b) if the work is unpublished, until the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the new copyright provisions come into force or, if during that period the work is first made available to the public within the meaning of section 12(2) (duration of copyright in works of unknown authorship), the date on which copyright expires in accordance with that provision;
unless, in any case, the identity of the author becomes known before that date, in which case section 12(1) applies (general rule: life of the author plus 50 years).
(4) Copyright in the following descriptions of work continues to subsist until the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the new copyright provisions come into force—
(a) literary, dramatic and musical works of which the author has died and in relation to which none of the acts mentioned in paragraphs (a) to (e) of the proviso to section 2(3) of the 1956 Act has been done;
(b) unpublished engravings of which the author has died;
(c) unpublished photographs taken on or after 1st June 1957.
(5) Copyright in the following descriptions of work continues to subsist until the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the new copyright provisions come into force—
(a) unpublished sound recordings made on or after 1st June 1957;
(b) films not falling within sub-paragraph (2)(e) above,
unless the recording or film is published before the end of that period in which case copyright in it shall continue until the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the recording or film is published.
(6) Copyright in any other description of existing work continues to subsist until the date on which copyright in that description of work expires in accordance with sections 12 to 15 of this Act.
(7) The above provisions do not apply to works subject to Crown or Parliamentary copyright (see paragraphs 41 to 43 below).
Perpetual copyright under the Copyright Act 1775
13.—(1) The rights conferred on universities and colleges by the [1775 c. 53.] Copyright Act 1775 shall continue to subsist until the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the new copyright provisions come into force and shall then expire.
(2) The provisions of the following Chapters of Part I—
Chapter III (acts permitted in relation to copyright works),
Chapter VI (remedies for infringement),
Chapter VII (provisions with respect to copyright licensing), and
Chapter VIII (the Copyright Tribunal),
apply in relation to those rights as they apply in relation to copyright under this Act.
Acts infringing copyright
14.—(1) The provisions of Chapters II and III of Part I as to the acts constituting an infringement of copyright apply only in relation to acts done after commencement; the provisions of the 1956 Act continue to apply in relation to acts done before commencement.
(2) So much of section 18(2) as extends the restricted act of issuing copies to the public to include the rental to the public of copies of sound recordings, films or computer programs does not apply in relation to a copy of a sound recording, film or computer program acquired by any person before commencement for the purpose of renting it to the public.
(3) For the purposes of section 27 (meaning of "infringing copy") the question whether the making of an article constituted an infringement of copyright, or would have done if the article had been made in the United Kingdom, shall be determined—
(a) in relation to an article made on or after 1st June 1957 and before commencement, by reference to the 1956 Act, and
(b) in relation to an article made before 1st June 1957, by reference to the 1911 Act.
(4) For the purposes of the application of sections 31(2), 51(2) and 62(3) (subsequent exploitation of things whose making was, by virtue of an earlier provision of the section, not an infringement of copyright) to things made before commencement, it shall be assumed that the new copyright provisions were in force at all material times.
(5) Section 55 (articles for producing material in a particular typeface) applies where articles have been marketed as mentioned in subsection (1) before commencement with the substitution for the period mentioned in subsection (3) of the period of 25 years from the end of the calendar year in which the new copyright provisions come into force.
(6) Section 56 (transfer of copies, adaptations, &c. of work in electronic form) does not apply in relation to a copy purchased before commencement.
(7) In section 65 (reconstruction of buildings) the reference to the owner of the copyright in the drawings or plans is, in relation to buildings constructed before commencement, to the person who at the time of the construction was the owner of the copyright in the drawings or plans under the 1956 Act, the 1911 Act or any enactment repealed by the 1911 Act.
15.—(1) Section 57 (anonymous or pseudonymous works: acts permitted on assumptions as to expiry of copyright or death of author) has effect in relation to existing works subject to the following provisions.
(2) Subsection (1)(b)(i) (assumption as to expiry of copyright) does not apply in relation to—
(a) photographs, or
(b) the rights mentioned in paragraph 13 above (rights conferred by the [1775 c. 53.] Copyright Act 1775).
(3) Subsection (1)(b)(ii) (assumption as to death of author) applies only—
(a) where paragraph 12(3)(b) above applies (unpublished anonymous or pseudonymous works), after the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the new copyright provisions come into force, or
(b) where paragraph 12(6) above applies (cases in which the duration of copyright is the same under the new copyright provisions as under the previous law).
16. The following provisions of section 7 of the 1956 Act continue to apply in relation to existing works—
(a) subsection (6) (copying of unpublished works from manuscript or copy in library, museum or other institution);
(b) subsection (7) (publication of work containing material to which subsection (6) applies), except paragraph (a) (duty to give notice of intended publication);
(c) subsection (8) (subsequent broadcasting, performance, &c. of material published in accordance with subsection (7));
and subsection (9)(d) (illustrations) continues to apply for the purposes of those provisions.
17. Where in the case of a dramatic or musical work made before 1st July 1912, the right conferred by the 1911 Act did not include the sole right to perform the work in public, the acts restricted by the copyright shall be treated as not including—
(a) performing the work in public,
(b) broadcasting the work or including it in a cable programme service, or
(c) doing any of the above in relation to an adaptation of the work;
and where the right conferred by the 1911 Act consisted only of the sole right to perform the work in public, the acts restricted by the copyright shall be treated as consisting only of those acts.
18. Where a work made before 1st July 1912 consists of an essay, article or portion forming part of and first published in a review, magazine or other periodical or work of a like nature, the copyright is subject to any right of publishing the essay, article, or portion in a separate form to which the author was entitled at the commencement of the 1911 Act, or would if that Act had not been passed, have become entitled under section 18 of the [1842 c. 45.] Copyright Act 1842.
Designs
19.—(1) Section 51 (exclusion of copyright protection in relation to works recorded or embodied in design document or models) does not apply for ten years after commencement in relation to a design recorded or embodied in a design document or model before commencement.
(2) During those ten years the following provisions of Part III (design right) apply to any relevant copyright as in relation to design right—
(a) sections 237 to 239 (availability of licences of right), and
(b) sections 247 and 248 (application to comptroller to settle terms of licence of right).
(3) In section 237 as it applies by virtue of this paragraph, for the reference in subsection (1) to the last five years of the design right term there shall be substituted a reference to the last five years of the period of ten years referred to in sub-paragraph (1) above, or to so much of those last five years during which copyright subsists.
(4) In section 239 as it applies by virtue of this paragraph, for the reference in subsection (1)(b) to section 230 there shall be substituted a reference to section 99.
(5) Where a licence of right is available by virtue of this paragraph, a person to whom a licence was granted before commencement may apply to the comptroller for an order adjusting the terms of that licence.
(6) The provisions of sections 249 and 250 (appeals and rules) apply in relation to proceedings brought under or by virtue of this paragraph as to proceedings under Part III.
(7) A licence granted by virtue of this paragraph shall relate only to acts which would be permitted by section 51 if the design document or model had been made after commencement.
(8) Section 100 (right to seize infringing copies, &c.) does not apply during the period of ten years referred to in sub-paragraph (1) in relation to anything to which it would not apply if the design in question had been first recorded or embodied in a design document or model after commencement.
(9) Nothing in this paragraph affects the operation of any rule of law preventing or restricting the enforcement of copyright in relation to a design.
20.—(1) Where section 10 of the 1956 Act (effect of industrial application of design corresponding to artistic work) applied in relation to an artistic work at any time before commencement, section 52(2) of this Act applies with the substitution for the period of 25 years mentioned there of the relevant period of 15 years as defined in section 10(3) of the 1956 Act.
(2) Except as provided in sub-paragraph (1), section 52 applies only where articles are marketed as mentioned in subsection (1)(b) after commencement.
Abolition of statutory recording licence
21. Section 8 of the 1956 Act (statutory licence to copy records sold by retail) continues to apply where notice under subsection (1)(b) of that section was given before the repeal of that section by this Act, but only in respect of the making of records—
(a) within one year of the repeal coming into force, and
(b) up to the number stated in the notice as intended to be sold.
Moral rights
22.—(1) No act done before commencement is actionable by virtue of any provision of Chapter IV of Part I (moral rights).
(2) Section 43 of the 1956 Act (false attribution of authorship) continues to apply in relation to acts done before commencement.
23.—(1) The following provisions have effect with respect to the rights conferred by—
(a) section 77 (right to be identified as author or director), and
(b) section 80 (right to object to derogatory treatment of work).
(2) The rights do not apply—
(a) in relation to a literary, dramatic, musical and artistic work of which the author died before commencement; or
(b) in relation to a film made before commencement.
(3) The rights in relation to an existing literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work do not apply—
(a) where copyright first vested in the author, to anything which by virtue of an assignment of copyright made or licence granted before commencement may be done without infringing copyright;
(b) where copyright first vested in a person other than the author, to anything done by or with the licence of the copyright owner.
(4) The rights do not apply to anything done in relation to a record made in pursuance of section 8 of the 1956 Act (statutory recording licence).
24. The right conferred by section 85 (right to privacy of certain photographs and films) does not apply to photographs taken or films made before commencement.
Assignments and licences
25.—(1) Any document made or event occurring before commencement which had any operation—
(a) affecting the ownership of the copyright in an existing work, or
(b) creating, transferring or terminating an interest, right or licence in respect of the copyright in an existing work,
has the corresponding operation in relation to copyright in the work under this Act.
(2) Expressions used in such a document shall be construed in accordance with their effect immediately before commencement.
26.—(1) Section 91(1) of this Act (assignment of future copyright: statutory vesting of legal interest on copyright coming into existence) does not apply in relation to an agreement made before 1st June 1957.
(2) The repeal by this Act of section 37(2) of the 1956 Act (assignment of future copyright: devolution of right where assignee dies before copyright comes into existence) does not affect the operation of that provision in relation to an agreement made before commencement.
27.—(1) Where the author of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work was the first owner of the copyright in it, no assignment of the copyright and no grant of any interest in it, made by him (otherwise than by will) after the passing of the 1911 Act and before 1st June 1957, shall be operative to vest in the assignee or grantee any rights with respect to the copyright in the work beyond the expiration of 25 years from the death of the author.
(2) The reversionary interest in the copyright expectant on the termination of that period may after commencement be assigned by the author during his life but in the absence of any assignment shall, on his death, devolve on his legal personal representatives as part of his estate.
(3) Nothing in this paragraph affects—
(a) an assignment of the reversionary interest by a person to whom it has been assigned,
(b) an assignment of the reversionary interest after the death of the author by his personal representatives or any person becoming entitled to it, or
(c) any assignment of the copyright after the reversionary interest has fallen in.
(4) Nothing in this paragraph applies to the assignment of the copyright in a collective work or a licence to publish a work or part of a work as part of a collective work.
(5) In sub-paragraph (4) "collective work" means—
(a) any encyclopaedia, dictionary, yearbook, or similar work;
(b) a newspaper, review, magazine, or similar periodical; and
(c) any work written in distinct parts by different authors, or in which works or parts of works of different authors are incorporated.
28.—(1) This paragraph applies where copyright subsists in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work made before 1st July 1912 in relation to which the author, before the commencement of the 1911 Act, made such an assignment or grant as was mentioned in paragraph (a) of the proviso to section 24(1) of that Act (assignment or grant of copyright or performing right for full term of the right under the previous law).
(2) If before commencement any event has occurred or notice has been given which by virtue of paragraph 38 of Schedule 7 to the 1956 Act had any operation in relation to copyright in the work under that Act, the event or notice has the corresponding operation in relation to copyright under this Act.
(3) Any right which immediately before commencement would by virtue of paragraph 38(3) of that Schedule have been exercisable in relation to the work, or copyright in it, is exercisable in relation to the work or copyright in it under this Act.
(4) If in accordance with paragraph 38(4) of that Schedule copyright would, on a date after the commencement of the 1956 Act, have reverted to the author or his personal representatives and that date falls after the commencement of the new copyright provisions—
(a) the copyright in the work shall revert to the author or his personal representatives, as the case may be, and
(b) any interest of any other person in the copyright which subsists on that date by virtue of any document made before the commencement of the 1911 Act shall thereupon determine.
29. Section 92(2) of this Act (rights of exclusive licensee against successors in title of person granting licence) does not apply in relation to an exclusive licence granted before commencement.
Bequests
30.—(1) Section 93 of this Act (copyright to pass under will with original document or other material thing embodying unpublished work)—
(a) does not apply where the testator died before 1st June 1957, and
(b) where the testator died on or after that date and before commencement, applies only in relation to an original document embodying a work.
(2) In the case of an author who died before 1st June 1957, the ownership after his death of a manuscript of his, where such ownership has been acquired under a testamentary disposition made by him and the manuscript is of a work which has not been published or performed in public, is prima facie proof of the copyright being with the owner of the manuscript.
Remedies for infringement
31.—(1) Sections 96 and 97 of this Act (remedies for infringement) apply only in relation to an infringement of copyright committed after commencement; section 17 of the 1956 Act continues to apply in relation to infringements committed before commencement.
(2) Sections 99 and 100 of this Act (delivery up or seizure of infringing copies, &c.) apply to infringing copies and other articles made before or after commencement; section 18 of the 1956 Act, and section 7 of the 1911 Act, (conversion damages, &c.), do not apply after commencement except for the purposes of proceedings begun before commencement.
(3) Sections 101 to 102 of this Act (rights and remedies of exclusive licensee) apply where sections 96 to 100 of this Act apply; section 19 of the 1956 Act continues to apply where section 17 or 18 of that Act applies.
(4) Sections 104 to 106 of this Act (presumptions) apply only in proceedings brought by virtue of this Act; section 20 of the 1956 Act continues to apply in proceedings brought by virtue of that Act.
32. Sections 101 and 102 of this Act (rights and remedies of exclusive licensee) do not apply to a licence granted before 1st June 1957.
33.—(1) The provisions of section 107 of this Act (criminal liability for making or dealing with infringing articles, &c.) apply only in relation to acts done after commencement; section 21 of the 1956 Act (penalties and summary proceedings in respect of dealings which infringe copyright) continues to apply in relation to acts done before commencement.
(2) Section 109 of this Act (search warrants) applies in relation to offences committed before commencement in relation to which section 21A or 21B of the 1956 Act applied; sections 21A and 21B continue to apply in relation to warrants issued before commencement.
Copyright Tribunal: proceedings pending on commencement
34.—(1) The Lord Chancellor may, after consultation with the Lord Advocate, by rules make such provision as he considers necessary or expedient with respect to proceedings pending under Part IV of the 1956 Act immediately before commencement.
(2) Rules under this paragraph shall be made by statutory instrument which shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
Qualification for copyright protection
35. Every work in which copyright subsisted under the 1956 Act immediately before commencement shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of Part I of this Act as to qualification for copyright protection.
Dependent territories
36.—(1) The 1911 Act shall remain in force as part of the law of any dependent territory in which it was in force immediately before commencement until—
(a) the new copyright provisions come into force in that territory by virtue of an Order under section 157 of this Act (power to extend new copyright provisions), or
(b) in the case of any of the Channel Islands, the Act is repealed by Order under sub-paragraph (3) below.
(2) An Order in Council in force immediately before commencement which extends to any dependent territory any provisions of the 1956 Act shall remain in force as part of the law of that territory until—
(a) the new copyright provisions come into force in that territory by virtue of an Order under section 157 of this Act (power to extend new copyright provisions), or
(b) in the case of the Isle of Man, the Order is revoked by Order under sub-paragraph (3) below;
and while it remains in force such an Order may be varied under the provisions of the 1956 Act under which it was made.
(3) If it appears to Her Majesty that provision with respect to copyright has been made in the law of any of the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man otherwise than by extending the provisions of Part I of this Act, Her Majesty may by Order in Council repeal the 1911 Act as it has effect as part of the law of that territory or, as the case may be, revoke the Order extending the 1956 Act there.
(4) A dependent territory in which the 1911 or 1956 Act remains in force shall be treated, in the law of the countries to which Part I extends, as a country to which that Part extends; and those countries shall be treated in the law of such a territory as countries to which the 1911 Act or, as the case may be, the 1956 Act extends.
(5) If a country in which the 1911 or 1956 Act is in force ceases to be a colony of the United Kingdom, section 158 of this Act (consequences of country ceasing to be colony) applies with the substitution for the reference in subsection (3)(b) to the provisions of Part I of this Act of a reference to the provisions of the 1911 or 1956 Act, as the case may be.
(6) In this paragraph "dependent territory" means any of the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man or any colony.
37.—(1) This paragraph applies to a country which immediately before commencement was not a dependent territory within the meaning of paragraph 36 above but—
(a) was a country to which the 1956 Act extended, or
(b) was treated as such a country by virtue of paragraph 39(2) of Schedule 7 to that Act (countries to which the 1911 Act extended or was treated as extending);
and Her Majesty may by Order in Council conclusively declare for the purposes of this paragraph whether a country was such a country or was so treated.
(2) A country to which this paragraph applies shall be treated as a country to which Part I extends for the purposes of sections 154 to 156 (qualification for copyright protection) until—
(a) an Order in Council is made in respect of that country under section 159 (application of Part I to countries to which it does not extend), or
(b) an Order in Council is made declaring that it shall cease to be so treated by reason of the fact that the provisions of the 1956 Act or, as the case may be, the 1911 Act, which extended there as part of the law of that country have been repealed or amended.
(3) A statutory instrument containing an Order in Council under this paragraph shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
Territorial waters and the continental shelf
38. Section 161 of this Act (application of Part I to things done in territorial waters or the United Kingdom sector of the continental shelf) does not apply in relation to anything done before commencement.
British ships, aircraft and hovercraft
39. Section 162 (British ships, aircraft and hovercraft) does not apply in relation to anything done before commencement.
Crown copyright
40.—(1) Section 163 of this Act (general provisions as to Crown copyright) applies to an existing work if—
(a) section 39 of the 1956 Act applied to the work immediately before commencement, and
(b) the work is not one to which section 164, 165 or 166 applies (copyright in Acts, Measures and Bills and Parliamentary copyright: see paragraphs 42 and 43 below).
(2) Section 163 (1)(b) (first ownership of copyright) has effect subject to any agreement entered into before commencement under section 39(6) of the 1956 Act.
41.—(1) The following provisions have effect with respect to the duration of copyright in existing works to which section 163 (Crown copyright) applies.
The question which provision applies to a work shall be determined by reference to the facts immediately before commencement; and expressions used in this paragraph which were defined for the purposes of the 1956 Act have the same meaning as in that Act.
(2) Copyright in the following descriptions of work continues to subsist until the date on which it would have expired in accordance with the 1956 Act—
(a) published literary, dramatic or musical works;
(b) artistic works other than engravings or photographs;
(c) published engravings;
(d) published photographs and photographs taken before 1st June 1957;
(e) published sound recordings and sound recordings made before 1st June 1957;
(f) published films and films falling within section 13(3)(a) of the 1956 Act (films registered under former enactments relating to registration of films).
(3) Copyright in unpublished literary, dramatic or musical works continues to subsist until—
(a) the date on which copyright expires in accordance with section 163(3), or
(b) the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the new copyright provisions come into force,
whichever is the later.
(4) Copyright in the following descriptions of work continues to subsist until the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the new copyright provisions come into force—
(a) unpublished engravings;
(b) unpublished photographs taken on or after 1st June 1957.
(5) Copyright in a film or sound recording not falling within sub-paragraph (2) above continues to subsist until the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the new copyright provisions come into force, unless the film or recording is published before the end of that period, in which case copyright expires 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which it is published.
42.—(1) Section 164 (copyright in Acts and Measures) applies to existing Acts of Parliament and Measures of the General Synod of the Church of England.
(2) References in that section to Measures of the General Synod of the Church of England include Church Assembly Measures.
Parliamentary copyright
43.—(1) Section 165 of this Act (general provisions as to Parliamentary copyright) applies to existing unpublished literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works, but does not otherwise apply to existing works.
(2) Section 166 (copyright in Parliamentary Bills) does not apply—
(a) to a public Bill which was introduced into Parliament and published before commencement,
(b) to a private Bill of which a copy was deposited in either House before commencement, or
(c) to a personal Bill which was given a First Reading in the House of Lords before commencement.
Copyright vesting in certain international organisations
44.—(1) Any work in which immediately before commencement copyright subsisted by virtue of section 33 of the 1956 Act shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of section 168(1); but otherwise section 168 does not apply to works made or, as the case may be, published before commencement.
(2) Copyright in any such work which is unpublished continues to subsist until the date on which it would have expired in accordance with the 1956 Act, or the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the new copyright provisions come into force, whichever is the earlier.
Meaning of "publication"
45. Section 175(3) (construction of building treated as equivalent to publication) applies only where the construction of the building began after commencement.
Meaning of "unauthorised"
46. For the purposes of the application of the definition in section 178 (minor definitions) of the expression "unauthorised" in relation to things done before commencement—
(a) paragraph (a) applies in relation to things done before 1st June 1957 as if the reference to the licence of the copyright owner were a reference to his consent or acquiescence;
(b) paragraph (b) applies with the substitution for the words from "or, in a case" to the end of the words "or any person lawfully claiming under him" and
Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 is reproduced under the terms of Crown Copyright Policy Guidance issued by HMSO. Publishing Rights: Coddan CPM Core Licence (HMSO) number is C02W0007897 issued on 25 November 2005 by HMSO Licensing Division (Core Licence.pdf Licence to reproduce public sector information).
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