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  1. E-quick package
  2. Economy package
  3. Premier package
  4. Deluxe package
If you are thinking about setting up a business, and need it done quickly and easily with no additional requirements, then this package is the perfect choice.
This package is a cheap and efficient way to begin business, and includes the provision of a registered office address in London for the duration of one year.
This package is a not expensive and efficient way to begin business, and includes the provision of a registered office address in London and a nominee secretary for the duration of one year.
This package is one of the most cost effective and the efficient way to start a UK company, which includes a registered office address in London, a nominee secretary, and a nominee director for the duration of one year.
E-quick*
£32.00
Economy
£82.00
Premier
£207.00
Deluxe
£557.00
Private company limited by shares
No Annual Charges
Private company limited by shares
Annual Fee From: £50.00
Private company limited by shares
Annual Fee From: £175.00
Private company limited by shares
Annual Fee From: £525.00
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Further information

Private Company Limited by Shares:

  • A private company limited by shares in England and Wales must have at least one director, one shareholder, and may have a secretary.

  • You need at least one person to form this type of company. If there is only one director, and that director is a natural person in your company, that director can also act as the secretary.

  • A company must have at least one director who is a natural person. This requirement is met if the office of director is held by a natural person as a corporation sole or otherwise by virtue of an office.

  • You can register a sole director' company, if you are familiar with the secretaries duties and responsibilities, because all of them belongs to a sole director.

  • The directors and secretary of your company can also be shareholders.

  • The Companies Act imposes no restriction on the minimum age of company directors. However Companies House will actively discourage the appointment of anyone under the age of 16 from taking up a company directorship on the grounds that the individuals concerned may not fully understand the legal liabilities that go with the position and for the most part will not have the experience necessary to perform the duties of a company director.

  • Under the Companies Act 2006, there is no restriction on any or all of the members/shareholders being from an overseas country (i.e. outside the United Kingdom in terms of residency, domicile, citizenship, place of incorporation or all or any of those concepts).

  • There is no requirement for the officers of your company to be UK citizens or residents, nor for them to hold valid work permits.

  • Owning, or being an officer of a UK company does not, however, grant you any right to live or work in the UK if you are a foreign national.

  • Your company must have a registered office address within England or Wales; this is the official address of your company and will be on the public record as such.

  • Your company must hold its official company documents at its registered office address: its register of shareholders, and its constitutional documents.

  • So long as you maintain a registered office address in England or Wales, you can conduct your business from any place in the world: you do not have to run your business from your registered office address.

  • Coddan offers company formation, ready-made company registration for UK limited companies. We offer electronic filing enterprises & registering corporation services. In addition to business registrations, we offer trademark registration, shareholder agreements, toll-free numbers, telephone answering, virtual office and company searches for UK limited companies. You are an accountant for whom company establishment is a frequent activity or an individual ordering your first company registrations. Start a company by incorporating or forming a LTD, PLC or LLP at Coddan. Learn about incorporation & how to incorporate your business online: register a business name, company registration, business registration numbers, company house web filing - business name registration check. Whether you start-up online, register London business or form a corporation Scotland, we can help you understand the business start-up process for filing LTD United Kingdom.
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    Incorporate or form an LLC – online: company registrar United Kingdom, limited company formations & corporation registration, electronically LLC online, very easy and informative. In addition to private companies Great Britain, we offer trademark registration, shareholder agreements, 0870 numbers, telephone answering, virtual office and company searches for English companies. Information to help start, grow or manage a small business. If you are starting a business Edinburgh or starting own business Northern Ireland, read our starting business Republic of Ireland guide. Home business and small business training and ideas site to help you start Belfast, grow, and expand a home-based business or search for the work at home job right. An outline of the general steps for incorporation in Great Britain, explaining how to incorporate your business Dublin, from choosing where to incorporate your business. UK ready-made company formation services and company registrations online, our offices keep a stock of ready made companies, and would be happy to supply details on request. We offer offshore ready-made companies in different jurisdictions, readymade offshore companies also called as offshore shelf companies, shelf off-shore companies for sale: starting applying for a business name, business name registration partnership, grants for starting a business and starting a business from home.
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    Open company same-day and offshore setting-up services using our online starting-up service for Limited Liability Company Offshore companies. Start enjoying the tax benefits and personal liability protection that forming a corporation or Limited Liability Company (LLC) provides. Offshore company incorporation, offshore checking and offshore saving accounts, offshore time deposits, offshore mutual funds, offshore money market accounts and offshore asset protection provided by Coddan. Company formations, limited company formations, electronic incorporations, company formation agents, paperless company registrar, electronic companies filing, United Kingdom limited company, setting corporation Ireland, business incorporation Scotland, open company England, London company registration, electronic companies filing, British companies registrars, business consultants, company law, public limited company, plc, international companies, ltd, inc, limited liability, enterprise, organization, organization, tax, taxation, England, firm, partnership, trade, profession, contractors, business, private limited company, limited by shares, ready-made companies, readymade company, aged company, off the shelf company, shelf companies list.
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    Specializes in company registration and secretarial services. Provides list of shelf company, services and cost quotation, business name registration, company house direct, starting a business - sole trader business registration.

    This is actually a pretty good reason to incorporate in Delaware or Nevada. In fact, you could be a foreigner from Lebanon, never setting foot on American soil, form a Delaware corporation and no one would know who you are! However, many states will require the owners and/or officers and/or directors information while operating in that state (as a foreign corp.). Besides, how many small businesses require anonymity? Incorporate, incorporation, incorporating, incorporation services, incorporating services, incorporate Wyoming business online, incorporating Oregon business, New York LLC formation, Louisiana limited liability corporation, Texas articles of incorporation, Florida company incorporation, California non profit corporation, corporate name search offshore, BVI corporate name availability, Seychelles corporate name registration.
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    Learn about incorporation services UK and incorporate London online: starting your own business, business ideas, starting a business on ebay or buying a business with legal requirements for starting a business. Online England company formations, online company London W1 formation, Glasgow formation agent, Liverpool formations agent, Scottish companies house, forming a company Scotland, starting a business Wales, form a limited company Oxford, United Kingdom business registration agents, online Great Britain company registration. E-Business, small business, business structures defined: the limited liability company business structures defined: the limited liability company IRS treatment of the one-member LLC. An LLC with only one member / owner is automatically considered to be a sole proprietorship unless an election is made to be treated as a corporation. Thus, the sole member of an LLC will file (Form 1040), (U.S. Individual Income Tax Return), ideas for starting a business, grants for starting a business, starting a business from home, starting your own business - business ideas, starting a business on ebay, buying a business: legal requirements for starting a business, ideas for starting a business.
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    A business may be conducted by a company as an entity in its own right and comes into existence by incorporation under companies legislation which also regulates the running of the company and sets out the duties of its officers. In recent years trading trusts have been commonly used as the structure for carrying on a business with their main objective of tax minimization. A trust requires a trustee to act on behalf of a trust and it has been preferable to have a company newly incorporated to act as the trustee as it is believed that this limits the liability of the trust to the paid-up capital of the Trustee Company. A trust is formed by a gift or settlement being made to the trustee on behalf of the, as yet unformed, trust. A solicitor draws up a Trust Deed setting out the powers and formalizing the administration of the trust. The trust has beneficiaries rather than shareholders as in a company, who are entitled to distributions of capital and/or income and these distributions, are controlled by the trustee.
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    The distribution made to beneficiaries are subject to income tax as part of their personal income and are liable for provisional tax on these distributions. Citizens and residents of other countries may incorporate in the United Kingdom through the standard incorporation procedures set forth by each state. Provides UK company formations, trademark registration, registered office facilities and company secretary services. Professional company formation, register your company online, we may establish new business at one day. An online guide to starting up and expanding your business.
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    This is one of our most popular packages with worldwide customers, and includes: -

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  • Pomeniat' sro4no. Eto economy4 zvezdy. -

  • ECooonooomyy-4 zvezdy :-****
  • Premier blablabla 4 zvezdy. -

  • premier-4 zvezdy;)
  • Our Deluxe package is a fast and easy option, it is ideal for the UK, EU, and international small to medium businesses who wish to appoint a nominee director and a nominee secretary in order to maintain the anonymity of the real owner, and it includes: -

  • Incorporation of your company from scratch using one of our registered office addresses in London, our nominee director and nominee secretary. We can appoint your own candidate(s) to the role of shareholder(s), or you can appoint a nominee sharholder provided by Coddan;
  • The standard capital on formation is £1.00, this is divided into 1.00 ordinary share valued at £1.00 (a minimum of one share must be issued);
  • The formation of a limited company usually takes as little as four to six hours from the time that your application and payment are received by Coddan;
  • The government fee for incorporation is included in the price of this package;
    • The provision of a registered office address for 12 months is included in the price of this package (our registered office address service is charged annually);
    • The provision of a nominee secretary for 12 months is included in the price of this package (our nominee secretary service is charged annually);
    • The provision of a nominee director for 12 months is also included in the price of this package (our nominee director service is charged annually);

    The following two hard bound copies of corporate documents, will be send by post to you upon formation of your private limited company: -

  • A laminated copy of the certificate of incorporation of your company;
  • A hard bound copy of the memorandum and articles of association;
  • A hard bound copy of the minutes of the first meeting of directors;
  • Share certificates, and your company register;
  • The general power of attorney signed by a nominee director;
  • Pre-signed, undated resignation letter from a nominee director;
  • The agreement for the provision of nominee service and indemnification of nominee.
  • 2 zdezda deluxe. -

  • 2 zdezda deluxe)
  • 3 zdezda deluxe. -

  • 3 zdezda deluxe
  • 4 zdezda deluxe -

  • 4444444
  • This is our most popular package with the UK residents, and includes: -

  • The registration of your company from scratch using your own registered office address, and appoint your own candidates to the roles of director, secretary (if needed), and shareholder;
  • The standard capital on formation is £1.00, this is divided into 1.00 ordinary share valued at £1.00 (a minimum of one share must be issued);
  • The formation of a limited company usually takes as little as four to six hours from the time that your application and payment are received by Coddan;
  • The government fee for incorporation is included in the price of this package;
  • The following documents, which need to be printed and signed, will be e-mailed to you upon formation of your company: -

  • A certificate of incorporation (requires PDF file reader);
  • The memorandum & articles of association (requires PDF file reader);
  • The first meeting of the board of directors (requires PDF file reader);
  • Share certificates and a company register (requires PDF file reader).
  • *If you do not have an a valid address in the UK, which can be used as the registered office address for your company, please check our Economy package. The non-UK address cannot be acceptable as the office address for the UK company.

    This is our most popular package with the UK and EU residents, and includes: -

  • The registration your company from scratch using one of our registered office addresses, and appoint your own candidates to the roles of director, secretary (if needed), and shareholder;
  • The standard capital on formation is £1.00, this is divided into 1.00 ordinary share valued at £1.00 (a minimum of one share must be issued);
  • The formation of a limited company usually takes as little as four to six hours from the time that your application and payment are received by Coddan;
  • The government fee for incorporation is included in the price of this package;
    • The provision of a registered office address for 12 months is also included in the price of this package (our registered office address service is charged annually);

    The following documents, which need to be printed and signed, will be e-mailed to you upon formation of your company: -

  • A certificate of incorporation (requires PDF file reader);
  • The memorandum & articles of association (requires PDF file reader);
  • The first meeting of the board of directors (requires PDF file reader);
  • Share certificates and a company register (requires PDF file reader).
  • This is another one very popular package with worldwide customers, and includes: -

  • The formation of a company limited by guarantee usually takes as little as five to seven working days from the time that your application and payment are received by Coddan;
  • The incorporation your BVI company limited by guarantee from scratch using our registered agent & registered office address, and appoint your own candidate to the role of a members;
  • The government and initiation fees for incorporation are included in the price of this package;
  • The search for a company name availability, confirmation, and reservation;
  • An original certificate of incorporation
  • A hard bound copy of the memorandum & articles of association
  • The preparation and submission of the memorandum and articles of association;
  • A local registered office address and a local registered agent for 12 months are included in the price of this package (our registered agent & office address service are charged annually);
  • The provision of a nominee director for one year is also included in the price of this package (our nominee director service is charged annually);

  • To receive an original of the certificate of incorporation from the Companies Registrar usually takes as little as two to three days from the time of incorporation.
  • The following hard bound copy of corporate documents, will be posted to you upon formation of your company limited by guarantee: -

  • An original certificate of incorporation;
  • A hard bound copy of the memorandum and articles of association;
  • The minutes of the first meeting of the board of directors;
  • A completed register of directors and members;
  • An elegant printed membership certificates;
  • A pliers seal.
  • The general power of attorney signed by a nominee director (additional fee applies);
  • Pre-signed, undated resignation letter from a nominee director;
  • The agreement for the provision of a nominee service and indemnification of nominee.
  • This is our most popular package with international customers, and includes: -

  • The formation of a company limited by guarantee usually takes as little as five to seven working days from the time that your application and payment are received by Coddan;
  • The registration your BVI company limited by guarantee from scratch using our registered agent & registered office address, and appoint our own candidates to the role of a nominee director and a nominee member;
  • The government and initiation fees for incorporation are included in the price of this package;
  • The search for a company name availability, confirmation, and reservation;
  • The preparation and submission of the memorandum and articles of association;
  • A local registered office address and a local registered agent for one year are included in the price of this package (our registered agent & office address service are charged annually);
  • The provision of a nominee director for 12 months is included in the price of this package (our nominee director service is charged annually);
  • A completed register of directors and members
  • The provision of a nominee member for 12 months is also included in the price of this package (our nominee member service is charged annually);

  • To receive an original of the certificate of incorporation from the Companies Registrar usually takes as little as two to three days from the time of incorporation.
  • The following hard bound copy of corporate documents, will be posted to you upon formation of your company limited by guarantee: -

  • An original certificate of incorporation;
  • A hard bound copy of the memorandum and articles of association;
  • The minutes of the first meeting of the board of directors;
  • A completed register of directors and members;
  • An elegant printed membership certificates;
  • A pliers seal.
  • Pre-signed, undated letters of resignation from a nominee director and a nominee member;
  • A general power of attorney signed by a nominee director (additional fee applies);
  • A declaration of trust from a nominee member;
  • An indemnity letter for the power of attorney;
  • A nominee agreement which provides for the indemnification of the nominees.
  • This is another one of our most popular packages for small and medium size businesses, such as those being run by a sole director from home, and for companies owned by overseas residents who still need a local registered office address, but would rather not open a local office in the UK;

    This package is often chosen by such customers, who are looking to minimise a sole director' personal liability (and who are not quite familiar with the UK corporate legislation), because this package includes thye provision of a nominee secretary for 12 months. This package is also includes: -

  • The registration your company from scratch using one of our registered office addresses, and appoint your own candidates to the roles of director, and shareholder;
  • The standard capital on formation is £1.00, this is divided into 1.00 ordinary share valued at £1.00 (a minimum of one share must be issued);
  • The formation of a limited company usually takes as little as four to six hours from the time that your application and payment are received by Coddan;
  • The government fee for incorporation is included in the price of this package;
    • The provision of a registered office address for 12 months is included in the price of this package (our registered office address service is charged annually);
    • The provision of a nominee secretary for 12 months is also included in the price of this package (our nominee secretary service is charged annually);

    The following hard bound copy of the corporate documents, will be send by post to you, upon formation of your private limited company: -

  • A laminated copy of the certificate of incorporation of your company;
  • A hard bound copy of the memorandum and articles of association;
  • A hard bound copy of the minutes of the first meeting of directors;
  • Share certificates, and your company register.
  • This is another one very popular package with worldwide customers, and includes: -

  • The formation of a limited partnership usually takes as little as five to seven working days from the time that your application and payment are received by Coddan;
  • The incorporation your BVI offshore limited partnership from scratch using our registered agent & registered office address, and appoint your own candidate to the role of a general partner;
  • The government and initiation fees for registration are included in the price of this package;
  • The search for a limited partnership name availability, confirmation, and reservation;
  • The preparation and submission of the partnership agreement;
  • A local registered office address and a local registered agent for 12 months are included in the price of this package (our registered agent & office address service are charged annually);
  • The provision of a nominee limited partner for one year is also included in the price of this package (our nominee limited partner service is charged annually);

  • To receive an original of the certificate of incorporation from the Companies Registrar usually takes as little as two to three days from the time of incorporation.
  • The following hard bound copy of corporate documents, will be posted to you upon formation of your offshore company: -

  • An original certificate of incorporation;
  • A hard bound copy of the partnership agreement;
  • The minutes of the first meeting of the board of partners;
  • A completed register of partners;
  • An elegant printed membership certificates;
  • A pliers seal;
  • The general power of attorney signed by a nominee limited partner (additional fee applies);
  • Pre-signed, undated resignation letter from a nominee limited partner;
  • The agreement for the provision of a nominee service and indemnification of nominee.
  • This is our most popular package with international customers, and includes: -

    This is our most popular package with international customers, and includes: -

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    Organization Structures Business, Incorporate Your Business Online, Incorporation Services at Affordable Prices, Learn About Incorporating and How to IncorporateSetting up a Business in United Kingdom, Incorporatin Business, Forming an LLC, Incorporate online in Delaware, Nevada, London, Florida, New YorkCompany UK Formation, Online UK Company Formation Agents, Plus a Wide Range of Ready-Made Companies Available and Vintage CompaniesWhat are the Advantages of Incorporation? You Can Now Form Your UK Limited Company Online Using Our Company Registration AgentHow Do I Get Started With the Registration Process? Company Formation & Registration of Offshore Companies Incorporation ServiceUK Limited Company Formation and Offshore Companies Incorporation Service, We Provide Online New Company Formations and Offshore Readymade CorporationSetting up a Business in United Kingdom, Cheap IBC Incorporation Offshore Anonymous Banking Internet Offshore Bank AccountUK Company Formation, Online Company Registration Agent Offering Same-Day Company Formation, Business BankingServices Include Companies Formation and Administration, Trademark, Intellectual Property, Company Search ServicesAn On-Line Resource to Setting-Up a Private Limited Company Without Hiring a Solicitor or Formation AgenStarting a Business Information, Advice and Information for Starting a New Business in the UK Including UK Business Start-UpHelp in Starting Up a Business Up-to-Date Advice and Strategies, Start Your Own Business and Gain Your Independence!Incorporate a Business in Any State, London, Glasgow, Form an LLC, Conduct a Trademark Search OnlineSmall Business Resources for Starting a Small Business, Small Business Marketing
    Finance Act 1999
    1999 Chapter 16 - continued

    back to previous text
     
     PART II
     VALUE ADDED TAX
    Works of art, antiques, etc.    12. - (1) In subsection (4) of section 21 of the Value Added Tax Act 1994 (which treats as reduced for VAT purposes the value of goods falling within subsection (5) of that section and imported from outside the EU)-
     
     
      (a) at the beginning there shall be inserted "Subject to subsection (6D) below,"; and
     
      (b) for "14.29 per cent." there shall be substituted "28.58 per cent."
         (2) For subsections (5) and (6) of that section there shall be substituted the following subsections-
     
     
        "(5) The goods that fall within this subsection are-
     
     
      (a) any work of art;
     
      (b) any antique, not falling within paragraph (a) above or (c) below, that is more than one hundred years old;
     
      (c) any collection or collector's piece that is of zoological, botanical, mineralogical, anatomical, historical, archaeological, palaeontological, ethnographic, numismatic or philatelic interest.
         (6) In this section "work of art" means, subject to subsections (6A) and (6B) below-
     
     
      (a) any mounted or unmounted painting, drawing, collage, decorative plaque or similar picture that was executed by hand;
     
      (b) any original engraving, lithograph or other print which-
     
        (i) was produced from one or more plates executed by hand by an individual who executed them without using any mechanical or photomechanical process; and
     
        (ii) either is the only one produced from the plate or plates or is comprised in a limited edition;
     
      (c) any original sculpture or statuary, in any material;
     
      (d) any sculpture cast which-
     
        (i) was produced by or under the supervision of the individual who made the mould or became entitled to it by succession on the death of that individual; and
     
        (ii) either is the only cast produced from the mould or is comprised in a limited edition;
     
      (e) any tapestry or other hanging which-
     
        (i) was made by hand from an original design; and
     
        (ii) either is the only one made from the design or is comprised in a limited edition;
     
      (f) any ceramic executed by an individual and signed by him;
     
      (g) any enamel on copper which-
     
        (i) was executed by hand;
     
        (ii) is signed either by the person who executed it or by someone on behalf of the studio where it was executed;
     
        (iii) either is the only one made from the design in question or is comprised in a limited edition; and
     
        (iv) is not comprised in an article of jewellery or an article of a kind produced by goldsmiths or silversmiths;
     
      (h) any mounted or unmounted photograph which-
     
        (i) was printed by or under the supervision of the photographer;
     
        (ii) is signed by him; and
     
        (iii) either is the only print made from the exposure in question or is comprised in a limited edition;
         (6A) The following do not fall within subsection (5) above by virtue of subsection (6)(a) above, that is to say-
     
     
      (a) any technical drawing, map or plan;
     
      (b) any picture comprised in a manufactured article that has been hand-decorated; or
     
      (c) anything in the nature of scenery, including a backcloth.
         (6B) An item comprised in a limited edition shall be taken to be so comprised for the purposes of subsection (6)(d) to (h) above only if-
     
     
      (a) in the case of sculpture casts-
     
        (i) the edition is limited so that the number produced from the same mould does not exceed eight; or
     
        (ii) the edition comprises a limited edition of nine or more casts made before 1st January 1989 which the Commissioners have directed should be treated, in the exceptional circumstances of the case, as a limited edition for the purposes of subsection (6)(d) above;
     
      (b) in the case of tapestries and hangings, the edition is limited so that the number produced from the same design does not exceed eight;
     
      (c) in the case of enamels on copper-
     
        (i) the edition is limited so that the number produced from the same design does not exceed eight; and
     
        (ii) each of the enamels in the edition is numbered and is signed as mentioned in subsection (6)(g)(ii) above;
     
      (d) in the case of photographs-
     
        (i) the edition is limited so that the number produced from the same exposure does not exceed thirty; and
     
        (ii) each of the prints in the edition is numbered and is signed as mentioned in subsection (6)(h)(ii) above.
         (6C) For the purposes of this section a collector's piece is of philatelic interest if-
     
     
      (a) it is a postage or revenue stamp, a postmark, a first-day cover or an item of pre-stamped stationery; and
     
      (b) it is franked or (if unfranked) it is not legal tender and is not intended for use as such.
         (6D) Subsection (4) above does not apply in the case of any goods imported from outside the member States if-
     
     
      (a) the whole of the VAT chargeable on their importation falls to be relieved by virtue of an order under section 37(1); or
     
      (b) they were exported from the United Kingdom during the period of twelve months ending with the date of their importation."
         (3) This section has effect in relation to goods imported at any time on or after the day on which this Act is passed.
     
    Gold.    13. - (1) Notwithstanding the words preceding paragraph (a) in section 26(3) of the Value Added Tax Act 1994 (input tax allowable against output tax), regulations which-
     
     
      (a) are made under section 26(3), and
     
      (b) have effect in respect of exempt supplies which relate to gold,
     may provide that input tax is allowable, as being attributable to the supplies, only in relation to specified matters.
     
         (2) An order under section 31(2) of that Act (exempt supplies and acquisitions) which provides for certain supplies which relate to gold to be exempt supplies may-
     
     
      (a) provide that a supply which would be an exempt supply by virtue of the order shall, if the supplier so chooses, be a taxable supply;
     
      (b) make provision by reference to notices to be published by the Commissioners.
         (3) An order under section 37(1) of that Act (relief on importation of goods) which gives relief from VAT on certain importations of gold may make provision by reference to notices to be published by the Commissioners.
     
         (4) Provision made by virtue of subsection (2) or (3) above may be expressed-
     
     
      (a) to apply only in specified circumstances;
     
      (b) to apply subject to compliance with specified conditions (which may include conditions relating to general or specific approval of the Commissioners).
         (5) Regulations may-
     
     
      (a) require specified persons to keep specified records in relation to specified transactions concerning gold;
     
      (b) require specified persons to give specified information to the Commissioners about specified transactions concerning gold;
     
      (c) provide for paragraph 10(2) of Schedule 11 to that Act (entry and inspection of premises) to apply in relation to specified transactions concerning gold as it applies in relation to the supply of goods under taxable supplies.
         (6) The provisions of that Act (including, in particular, section 97 and paragraph 6(2) to (6) of Schedule 11) shall apply in relation to regulations under subsection (5) above as they apply in relation to regulations under paragraph 6(1) of Schedule 11 to that Act.
     
         (7) In this section "the Commissioners" means the Commissioners of Customs and Excise.
     
    Preparations etc. of meat, yeast or egg.    14. Schedule 8 to the Value Added Tax Act 1994 (zero-rating) shall have effect, and be deemed always to have had effect, as if in Group 1 (food), in Note (6) (which provides that certain items which override the exceptions listed in that Group relate only to item 4 of the excepted items (non-alcoholic beverages)) for "Items 4 to 6" there were substituted "Items 4 to 7".
     
    Assignment of debts.    15. - (1) In section 36 of the Value Added Tax Act 1994 (bad debts), for subsection (3) there shall be substituted-
     
     
        "(3) In subsection (2) above "the outstanding amount" means-
     
     
      (a) if at the time of the claim no part of the consideration written off in the claimant's accounts as a bad debt has been received, an amount equal to the amount of the consideration so written off;
     
      (b) if at that time any part of the consideration so written off has been received, an amount by which that part is exceeded by the amount of the consideration written off;
     and in this subsection "received" means received either by the claimant or by a person to whom has been assigned a right to receive the whole or any part of the consideration written off."
     
         (2) In subsection (5)(e) of that section, for the words from "where" to the end of the paragraph there shall be substituted "where any part (or further part) of the consideration written off in the claimant's accounts as a bad debt is subsequently received either by the claimant or, except in such circumstances as may be prescribed, by a person to whom has been assigned a right to receive the whole or any part of that consideration;".
     
         (3) At the end of paragraph 7 of Schedule 11 to that Act (furnishing of information etc.) there shall be added-
     
     
        "(9) For the purposes of this paragraph a person to whom has been assigned a right to receive the whole or any part of the consideration for a supply of goods or services shall be treated as a person concerned in the supply."
     
         (4) Until such day as the Commissioners may specify in regulations made under section 36 of that Act, Part XIX of the Value Added Tax Regulations 1995 (bad debt relief), except regulation 171, shall be read as if a reference to a payment being received by the claimant were a reference to a payment being received either by the claimant or by a person to whom a right to receive it has been assigned.
     
         (5) Subsections (1) and (4) above have effect for the purposes of the making of any refund or repayment after 9th March 1999, but do not have effect in relation to anything received on or before that day.
     
    Groups of companies.    16. Schedule 2 to this Act (which makes changes to provisions about the treatment of bodies corporate as members of a group) shall have effect.
     
    Penalties for incorrect certificates.    17. - (1) For subsections (1) and (2) of section 62 of the Value Added Tax Act 1994 (incorrect certificates as to zero-rating etc.) there shall be substituted the following subsections-
     
     
        "(1) Subject to subsections (3) and (4) below, where-
     
     
      (a) a person to whom one or more supplies are, or are to be, made-
     
        (i) gives to the supplier a certificate that the supply or supplies fall, or will fall, wholly or partly within paragraph 1 of Schedule A1, Group 5 or 6 of Schedule 8 or Group 1 of Schedule 9, or
     
        (ii) gives to the supplier a certificate for the purposes of section 18B(2)(d) or 18C(1)(c),
     
      and
     
      (b) the certificate is incorrect,
     the person giving the certificate shall be liable to a penalty.
     
         (1A) Subject to subsections (3) and (4) below, where-
     
     
      (a) a person who makes, or is to make, an acquisition of goods from another member State prepares a certificate for the purposes of section 18B(1)(d), and
     
      (b) the certificate is incorrect,
     the person preparing the certificate shall be liable to a penalty.
     
         (2) The amount of the penalty shall be equal to-
     
     
      (a) in a case where the penalty is imposed by virtue of subsection (1) above, the difference between-
     
        (i) the amount of the VAT which would have been chargeable on the supply or supplies if the certificate had been correct; and
     
        (ii) the amount of VAT actually chargeable;
     
      (b) in a case where it is imposed by virtue of subsection (1A) above, the amount of VAT actually chargeable on the acquisition."
         (2) Subsection (1) above has effect in relation to certificates given or, as the case may be, prepared on or after the day on which this Act is passed.
     
    EC sales statements: time limits for assessments to penalties.    18. - (1) For section 77(2) of the Value Added Tax Act 1994 (time limits for assessments under section 76) there shall be substituted the following subsections-
     
     
        "(2) Subject to subsection (5) below, an assessment under section 76 of an amount due by way of any penalty, interest or surcharge referred to in subsection (3) of that section may be made at any time before the expiry of the period of 2 years beginning with the time when the amount of VAT due for the prescribed accounting period concerned has been finally determined.
     
         (2A) Subject to subsection (5) below, an assessment under section 76 of a penalty under section 65 or 66 may be made at any time before the expiry of the period of 2 years beginning with the time when facts sufficient in the opinion of the Commissioners to indicate, as the case may be-
     
     
      (a) that the statement in question contained a material inaccuracy, or
     
      (b) that there had been a default within the meaning of section 66(1),
     came to the Commissioners' knowledge."
     
         (2) Subsection (1) above has effect in relation to any amount by way of penalty, interest or surcharge which becomes due on or after the day on which this Act is passed.
     
    Period before repayment supplement payable.    19. - (1) Section 79 of the Value Added Tax Act 1994 (repayment supplement) shall be amended as follows.
     
         (2) In subsection (2)(b), for "the period of 30 days beginning on the date of the receipt by the Commissioners of that return or claim" there shall be substituted "the relevant period".
     
         (3) After subsection (2) there shall be inserted-
     
     
        "(2A) The relevant period in relation to a return or claim is the period of 30 days beginning with the later of-
     
     
      (a) the day after the last day of the prescribed accounting period to which the return or claim relates, and
     
      (b) the date of the receipt by the Commissioners of the return or claim."
         (4) In subsections (3) and (7), for "subsection (2)(b)" there shall be substituted "subsection (2A)"; and regulations under subsection (3) shall be construed accordingly.
     
         (5) This section has effect in relation to returns and claims received by the Commissioners on or after 9th March 1999.
     
    Meaning of "business".    20. - (1) Section 94(3) of the Value Added Tax Act 1994 (meaning of "business": public organisations) shall cease to have effect.
     
         (2) This section shall come into force in accordance with such provision as the Commissioners of Customs and Excise may make by order made by statutory instrument.
     
    Accounting for VAT by Government departments.    21. - (1) Where-
     
     
      (a) a Government department makes supplies of goods or services that are taxable supplies for the purposes of the Value Added Tax Act 1994, and
     
      (b) its receipts include amounts paid to it in respect of the making of those supplies,
     the receipts of the department to be paid into the Consolidated Fund shall be confined to the amounts remaining after deducting, from the amounts otherwise falling to be paid into that Fund, all such amounts in respect of the department's liabilities to pay value added tax to the Commissioners of Customs and Excise as the department may be authorised to deduct in accordance with arrangements made by the Treasury.
     
         (2) Arrangements made by the Treasury for the purposes of this section shall apply only to such Government departments and in such cases, and shall have effect subject to such conditions and to the compliance by the department with such accounting and other requirements, as may be provided for in the arrangements.
     
         (3) In this section "Government department" includes any person or body of persons carrying out functions on behalf of the Crown or of any Minister of the Crown and any part of a Government department (as so defined) which is designated for the purposes of section 41 of the Value Added Tax Act 1994.
     
         (4) This section has effect in relation to the financial year beginning with 1st April 1999 and subsequent financial years and shall be deemed to have had effect in relation to earlier financial years.
     
         (5) For the purposes of applying this section in relation to the financial year beginning with 1st April 1999 or in relation to any earlier financial year, any arrangements applying to a Government department which-
     
     
      (a) were made or approved before the passing of this Act, and
     
      (b) allowed that department to deduct amounts in respect of value added tax liabilities before making payments into the Consolidated Fund,
     shall be deemed to have been made by the Treasury for the purposes of this section.
     
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